Email to High School Principle for Free Talk/Course Promotion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 272 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Dear Mr./Mrs./Dr., I am currently a teacher who tutors Economics in Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE). I would like to offer free high-school talks including short-run courses since I am an entrepreneur. It would last not more than three hours per session. I have decided to do so as a promotional activity. It would help the students gain more knowledge in the methods of handling exams. Exams are critical to the evaluation of the school. This is meant to increase their academic capabilities in the long-run. Furthermore, I would be able to acquire more experience as a teacher. There are no charges incurred; it is completely free. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Email to High School Principle for Free Talk/Course Promotion" essay for you Create order The students in HKDSE perform exemplary well. In last years results, all students scored an average of 72 with regards to Level 2 subjects; which are Chinese, English, Liberal Studies and Mathematics. Economics was the best performance at an average percentage of 95.   This shows that the students understand what i teach in class. The number of students that had registered for the subject was recorded the least. It is due to the fact that it looks hard. It involves mathematical concepts. I tend to use simple language in explaining the concepts making it easier for them to understand that Simplicity is the key. I would therefore use simple techniques that they would be capable of comprehending. The tutorials will differ based on the class. I look forward for a positive feedback from you. In case of any questions, enquiries or comments, you can communicate with me via my email address [emailprotected] or through the address of the institution. Thanks in advance.

Essay on Propaganda - 1215 Words

Distorted Mirror of Reality â€Å"All propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is addressed to, consequently, the greater the mass it is intended to reach, the lower its purely intellectual level will have to be.† ~Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf â€Å"Psychology of Propaganda† Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and unstable economy. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government that advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership,†¦show more content†¦On them depends the existence of this whole culture; if they perish, the beauty of this earth will sink into the grave with them† (288). Hitler was attempting to convey to the German people that their race and culture was superior to all others and that Aryans were invincible. Hitler wanted to create a sense of pride, unity and stability among the people because stability was not a very strong factor among the masses who felt they had nothing to lose. Therefore, Hitler called his political cause quot;the movementquot;. Movement was, indeed, one of the mythic messages, movement away from the state of stagnation of the Weimar Republic, as the Nazis emphasized it repeatedly to persuade the masses, away from the shameful dictate of the Versailles peace treaty, away from â€Å"true blood—sucking parasites, Jews,† (304) and forward towards the building of a quot;New Pure Germanyquot; who would be a power to reckon with throughout Europe and the World at large. Although Hitler lacked his own characteristics of being a true Aryan (blond haired and blue eyed individual), he represented all of Germany as an ultimate ruler eliminating all other potential authorities that could possibly compete with him, just as a self—evident mythology cannot tolerate other powers, which might challenge and lead to the dissolution of the mythic system. In his book Mein Kampf Hitler stated, â€Å"The art of propaganda lies in understanding the emotional ideasShow MoreRelatedPropaganda, Propaganda And Propaganda1045 Words   |  5 Pagespublic opinion through propaganda. Propaganda is very often thought of as an attempt to win people over to an unpopular cause or to influence them to follow a generally disapproved course of actions. But actually, the purpose of propaganda can be quite varied. It can be generally understood as a means of influencing others, often towards a desirable end. Propaganda is a systematic effort to influence peoples’ opinions to win them over to a certain view or side. Propaganda is not necessarily concernedRead MoreThe Argument Of Propaganda And Propaganda Techniques1251 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental idea behind the term propaganda. One of the most successful public relations influencers Edward Bernays wrote in his book â€Å"Propaganda†. †If we understand the mechanisms and the mot ives of the group mind, it is now possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without them knowing it.† Many argue that propaganda is unethical due to the fact that it is a manipulation and control of the group mind. In this paper, I will be studying what makes propaganda ethical and compare theRead MoreMedia Propaganda9887 Words   |  40 PagesMedia propaganda Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. 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In the effort to control the nation s thought process, theRead MoreThe Impact of Propaganda Essay666 Words   |  3 PagesBoth negative and positive, propaganda affects our lives daily sometimes without us even acknowledging that it exists. The main goal of propaganda is trying to sell your product or idea to other people, one major form of Propaganda occurs in the news. Propaganda is used for companies and trend setters who want to get their products and ideas out in the world so that they could potentially become popular. Smart propagandists d iscovered that to create the best propaganda, the viewer must not evenRead MoreAnimal Farm Propaganda1295 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm: Timeless Propaganda Upon Animal Farm’s first publication in 1945, it quickly became a success and is now regarded as one of the best allegories of Soviet totalitarianism ever written. All of its characters provided a representation of Soviet Russia’s political figures, with its main character, Napoleon, illustrating Joseph Stalin and a corrupt totalitarian rule. The book parodies Stalin’s rise to power and his eventual total control of nearly every aspect of personal and privateRead MoreThe Comic Books And Propaganda1855 Words   |  8 PagesComic Books and Propaganda Since the times of the Persian Empires, propaganda has been an effective tool for forces of the State government, or other institutions trying to spread a political message, usually for militarily or humanitarian missions. In modern times, propaganda has taken a new face with the Internet, but during the 1940’s one of the most effective types of propaganda was the use of comic books. Currently comic books are used around the world to spread the message of peace, war,Read More Propaganda and Stereotyping Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesPropaganda and Stereotyping Propaganda: a word that is commonly underestimated in its power. Confused with advertisement, people tend to take the disasters caused by propaganda lightly. One such disaster is the stereotype – a felicity confused with the truth. In this research paper, a closer attention will be given to the propaganda generation of stereotypes about a specific age group; how easily and believable stereotypes are carried by propaganda tactics on youth will be presented. ThroughoutRead MoreEssay on The Functions of Stereotypes in Propaganda1220 Words   |  5 Pagesin Propaganda A leader with no followers is a guy taking a walk. Good leaders whether it be opinion or political, rarely if ever walk by themselves. The information theydisseminate more often than not leaves them with a hoard of followers that conform to their ideas or cause. The circulated information is known as propaganda. The Webster dictionary defines propaganda as, ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further ones cause or to damage an opposing cause. Propaganda hasRead MoreCause and Effects of Propaganda Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesNIcole Barts Mrs. Wilson 3B Effects of Propaganda. Throughout history you find that many techniques of propaganda have affected today’s society. Whether it affects it in a good way or a bad way, propaganda is efficacious and does influence the way we think and act. You probably aren’t aware of what sort of propaganda is circling its way around, but once you are, you’ll think â€Å"wow did I really fall for that†? Propaganda is â€Å"information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help

Financial Analysis for Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airways

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis for Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airways. Answer: Introduction With the tremendous development in the global aviation transportation, the international aviation industry has been able to cover almost each and every part of the world since 1950s. As of today the international aviation industry consist of more than 2000 airlines which are providing their services to over 3700 airports with a fleet size of more than 23000 aircrafts. As per the report of International Air Transport Association, in next 2 decades, air traffic is expected to double. However, the percentage of growth will vary region to region especially the developing economies will show the fastest growth hence it is essential for the airlines to evaluate the financial performance in comparison to other competitive airlines and strengthen themselves to garb the highest opportunities in the near future (Pearce, 2015). All the above aspects sated that if a company is financially stable then it can face the unexpected changes of the market conditions. All the aspects increase the role of financial analysis with an aim of accessing a company's position. The financial analysis results are important to the tax authorities, creditors, stockholders, investors, suppliers, owners and managers. The relevance of the study can be understood from the fact that financial stability plays an important role in development of organization in this competitive market. If a company has a strong financial report card then it has many advantages over the other rival companies in terms of attracting choice of suppliers, investors and qualified personnel (Fedosova, 2016). Introduction of the Airline Industry Airline industry is one of the major economic forces for every country as it influences the travel and tourism of a country. A part from this it influences the aircraft manufacturing and other operations. Liberalization is considered as the main leading force in the airline industry that came into effect after the deregulation in 1978 in Sarthe main driver for the air travel demand is the economic growth. After the deregulation in the aviation industry the competitiveness in the industry has reached to its pinnacle. Currently, industry is facing the challenges of low cost carrier, operating performance, transparency of pricing, etc. Apart from this various travel distribution channels has initiated the war of minimum fares. In this era of price competition, it has become essential for every airline company to continuously analyze and maintain its financial position to face these challenges. Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines was founded in 1947 as a flag carrier airline of Singapore. The airlines base hub is situated at Changi Airport. Total Fleet size of the Airline is 107 and it flies to more than 64 destinations all over the world. In the last 20 years, the company has broadened its market. At present, it is one of the world's leading passenger and cargo carrier airline. Singapore Airlines has young and modern fleet of aircraft. The base airport of the Singapore Airlines is voted as the world's best airport every year. As per International Air Transport Association, on the basis of market capitalization, Singapore Airlines is the 2nd largest airline globally. The total market capitalization of the company is 14 billion US dollars. Currently in the financial year 2015 the airline has reported an improved profit for the first quarter. The profit of the airline has been recorded relatively modest for the four consecutive years. Singapore Airline is continuously accelerating its expansi on capacity in the FY2016 (CAPA, 2015). New Zealand Airlines In the year 1940 New Zealand Airlines was originated with the name of Teasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) which initially operated its flights between New Zealand and Australia. In 1965 New Zealand Government took over Teasman Empire Airways Limited and renamed it as Air New Zealand. After the takeover, government merged the Domestic New Zealand National Airways Corporation with Teasman Empire Airways Limited in the year 1978. Currently, the national airline of New Zealand is Air New Zealand Airline based on Auckland and it flies to 29 international and 22 domestic destinations. It covers Pacific Rim and United Kingdom. New Zealand Airways launched its annual results with normalized earnings. The company's statutory earning before taxation was 474 million dollars and its net profit after taxation was 327 million dollars, which 24 percent higher in comparison to previous year (Airnewzealand, 2015). Financial Analysis The financial analysis helps in knowing the financial standing of a firm in the market. Basically, financial position of any company can be judged on the basis of Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement. Before taking investment decision, the investors analyze the financial position of the organization and its competitors in order to avoid any risk. They prefer to invest in company that has good financial position thereby increasing their chances of profit making. The financial statements of Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airlines will be analyzed and compared on the basis of the various the key ratios. Importance of Financial Analysis Finance is a broad term and measurement of the financial analysis of the company ensures the proper use of economic resources to successfully operate both long term and short term perspectives. In case of Airlines industry, financial management is significant to stay profitable and sustain airline operations for long term. The financial analysis of a company is important as it affects the strategic planning and short term decisions. This study is undertakes comparison of financial performance of two major airlines. Feng and Wang argued that it is important to measure the financial performance of a company in terms of profitability, solvency, and liquidity. These all factors are important as these factors ultimately affect the long term survival of an airline (Feng Wang, 2000). Literature review Important ratios in airline industry Some key principal ratios are discussed here which were popularly used by the researchers to compare the financial performance of the airline companies. Profitability Ratio Return on Assets (ROA): Mathematically, it is calculated by dividing companys net income or earning by its total assets. Formula: Net Income / Average Total Assets ROA shows the ability of organization to effectively manage its assets in order to generate profits during an accounting period. The return on assets ratio shows how airlines utilize their assets and the efficiency of utilization. This ratio is important for the airlines as the acquisition of the aircrafts creates high capitalization cost instead of leasing aircrafts.(Heikal et al., 2014). Net Profit Margin: Mathematically, it can be obtained by dividing the net earnings of the company with its revenue. Formula: Net Profit / Total Revenue This ratio enables investor in identifying the capability of a firm for translating its total sales into the total income (Eriotis et al., 2016). Liquidity Ratio George Loizides conducted a study in 2011 to examine the key financial ratios amongst various scheduled carriers. In his study he selected two Southwest European airlines named Aegean and Cyprus. The study calculated the liquidity ratio for both the airlines to analyze the company's ability to cover its short term liability using its current assets. In terms of airline industry short term assets are: account receivables, cash, prepaid expenses etc. and short term obligations are: account payable, bank debt, deferred revenue etc. In case of airline industry c deferred revenue consist of derivative financial instruments, ticket payments, bank overdrafts and borrowings (Loizides, 2011). Current Ratio: In this ratio the association between the short term liabilities and short term assets is examined. For any company, 2:1 is considered as the best current ratio. Current ratio shows the short term financial standing of the firm during an accounting period. (Tugas, 2012). Formula: Current Assets / Current Liabilities Quick Ratio: Investors uses quick ratio to evaluate the cash flow and short term liquidity of an airline. This ratio discloses whether or not organization can realize its short term debt with its liquid assets. Current liquidity position of the firm is depicted by Quick Ratio. It also determines the firm's ability to maintain its short term liabilities and quick assets. Quick assets are those assets that can be liquidated immediately as per their present book value. This financial ratio is important to analyze the financial condition of an airline industry as they are capital intensive and they have debt in significant amount. If a company shows higher quick ratio then it is considered better (Kirkham, 2012). Formula: (Current Assets - Inventory - Prepaid Expenses) / Current Liabilities Liquidity and Solvency As per Morrell, if any crisis occurs like the terrorist attack or any resent financial crisis, then it is important to evaluate the Airlines liquidity and its access to finance. Infect they are essential for the endurance of the airline also they finance aircraft deliveries. Hence, it is important to access the liquidity and solvency of the airlines at the time of financial comparison. The liquidity ratio and solvency ratio consists of components such as short term liabilities, current assets, shareholder's equity and total liabilities. These all elements are necessary to calculate debt to equity ratio and current ration (Morrell, 2011). Debt to Equity Ratio - Long Term Solvency: This ratio helps in measuring the long term wealth of a firm. It analyses the association between the capital contributed by the owners of the firm and creditors of the firm. It also analyses the extent to which the shareholders can satisfy the obligations of the company towards its creditors. For example, if a firm is using more equity and less debt then it reflects lower equity ratio. On the other hand, if a firm is considering higher debt in order to grow its current position then it reflects the high debt to equity ratio (AL-Shubiri, 2012). Formula: Total debt / Total equity Equity Ratio- short term liquidity: It measures a firm's ability to cover its short term obligations. This ratio investigates the association between the short term liabilities and short term assets of a firm. It measures the total value of assets funded by the investors during the comparison of total assets to equity in the company. The purpose of calculating this financial ratio is to analyze a company's working capital to know whether or not organization can meet its operations requirement. Strong financial position of the company can be indicated with high current ratio and thereby it adds value to the company's performance within the industry in the market (Bhandari, 1988). Formula: Total Equity / Total Assets Market Performance Earnings per Share: Earnings per share show the companys profit which is allocated to shares of common stock. It calculates the portion of profit to each shareholder (Livnat Segal, 2000). Formula: (Net Income - Preferred Dividend) / Weighted Average Outstanding shares Dividend per Share: DPS is the part of dividend which each shareholder receives and it is declared by the company on per share basis(Gordon, 1959). Formula: Dividend / Number of Shares A study was conducted by Ahati (2008) to compare the financial performance of Merck Co. and Pfizer Inc. for this study. He analyzed the past three annual reports of both the companies. Growth ratio was calculated to measure the investment growth rate of both the companies. Liquidity indicators showed that Pfizer has a much higher current ratio as compared to Merck's. This clearly indicates that Pfizer has higher capability to pay off its current liabilities because short term assets and short term liabilities were two times than the current ratio. The price sales ratio of both the companies was calculated to know the revenue of the companies and the results showed that price sales ratio of Merck was higher than the price sales ratio of Pfizer, and this indicated that investors pay more for Merck than Pfizer. The results of this study calculated the return on assets ratio for both the companies to identify their efficiency of managing resources. On the basis of the comparison, it was concluded that Merck showed higher efficiency in maintaining a more efficient use of the assets in order to make a great profit as compared to Pfizer (Ahati, 2008). As per the study conducted by Loizides (2011)Aegean has the potential to cover its liabilities almost two times as compared to Cyprus hence Aegean is in better position. In terms of asset turnover ratio, both the airlines show a similar pattern over the three years. In terms of debt ratio, Cyprus airline's debt ratio was high and this shows that the proportion of its liabilities relative to its assets is 95 percent and it is a bad sign to come in the coming years. On the other hand the debt ratio of Aegean was stable and around 50percent of this indicated the good portion of the assets of the company to be attributed to its liabilities. Aegean will not face any leverage risk in the coming years (Loizides, 2011). Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) in aviation industry have been popular from the decades. However, MAs in the airline industry has become quite common in recent years. Kabi and Sajnani conducted a study on merger and acquisition in aviation industry in India to identify impact of MA on airlines. They aimed at determining whether or not merged airlines are able to attain financial performance efficiency particularly in terms of leverage, liquidity, and many more parameters. The results of the study revealed that no improvement were noticed in the return on equity, interest coverage, net profit margin, dividend per share and earnings per share of the surviving company after the merger acquisition. This study analyzed the financial performance of Kingfisher Airlines and Air Deccan after their merger in 2006. The analysis of the ratios depicted that the earning per share and market price both were decreased after the merger. Decline in earnings per share indicated reduction in the sales re venue, rise in operating expenses and rise in the interest payments. The current ratio was decreased after the merger by 35 percent which indicated the scarcity of resources to pay its current debts and difficulty in meeting the current obligations (Kabi Sajnani, 2014). The financial analysis comparison of British Airways (BA) and Air France-KLM (AF) was conducted for the period of 2009 to 2012 on four standards that is, efficiency, profitability, financial gearing, and liquidity. The results of the study stated that both the airlines were highly volatile and AF showed worse results than BA. In the year 2012 the profitability of the AF fell deeper due to increasing costs. In terms of liquidity both the airlines were suffering from low liquidity as their current liabilities exceeded their current assets. The reason behind the low liquidity was the burden of aircrafts leasing payments, interest payments and debt payments (Riha, 2013). Research Objectives and Questions Research Methodology This research study will be performed to evaluate the financial performance of Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airlines. Both sources of the primary and secondary data will be used in this study. Secondary source of data will be conducted in the form of literature review. (Saunders et al., 2009). Research Design A research design is concerned with the better understanding of a less understood topic. It is an approach to apply better appropriate research method on the study with a view to answering the questions of the research. An appropriate research design is decided on the basis of the research questions. This research study can be categorized into the exploratory research as it will explore the financial conditions of the airlines and it will address the "what" element in the research questions (Saunders et al., 2009). Type of research Research can be broadly categorized as Secondary research and Primary Research. In primary research, usually data is collected directly from the source of information. This research is performed by the researcher itself. There are various methods of collecting data in the primary research such as interviews, focused group, etc. The choice of the suitable method depends upon many factors such as research type, population size, and many more. The secondary research on other hand is based on the previous data wherein facts and information is gathered from the previous reports and articles. This research will be totally based on secondary research as the ratios will be calculated on the basis of the financial statements of both the companies. Various facts and figures will be taken from the annual reports and ratios will be calculated to identify their current financial position (Saunders et al., 2009). Data collection There are two types of data: quantitative data and qualitative data. Qualitative data consists of non-numeric data while quantitative data consists of numbers and figures. As this research will compare the financial performance of two airlines hence, to perform all the ratios the data will be taken from the official annual reports of both the companies from their official website. The data taken from the annual report of the companies will be in the quantitative form as ratios are calculated in quantitative form and their values are compared in the same way (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2008). Data Analysis The data will be analyzed on two approaches. The first approach is based on theoretical claims. Theoretical concepts from the prior researches will be used to interpret the final results and to achieve the objectives of the study while the second analysis will be based on interpretation of the research materials wherein relationship between the airlines and its influencing factors will be interpreted. This method will be beneficial to answer the questions of the study (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2008). References Ahati, T., 2008. Financial Analysis: Merck Co., Inc. vs. Pfizer Inc. Wordpress. Airnewzealand, 2015. Air New Zealand Announces Record Annual Result. [Online] Available at: https://www.airnewzealand.com/press-release-2015-air-new-zealand-announces-record-annual-result. Al-Shubiri, F.N., 2012. Debt Ratio Analysis and Firm Investment: Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(1), pp.21-26. Bhandari, L.C., 1988. Debt/ Equity Ratio and Expected Common Stock Returns: Empirical Evidence. The Journal of Finance, 43(2), pp.507-28. CAPA, 2015. Singapore Airlines outlook brightens as profits, yields improve. New connectivity strategies emerge. [Online] Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/singapore-airlines-group-improves-as-profits-yields-improve-new-connectivity-strategies-emerging-224825. Eriksson, P. Kovalainen, A., 2008. Qualitative Methods in Business Research. SAGE. Eriotis, N.P., Frangouli, Z. Ventoura-Neokosmides, Z., 2016. Profit Margin And Capital Structure: An Empirical Relationship. The Journal of Applied Business Research , 18(2), pp.85-88. Fedosova, A., 2016. Comparison between Low-cost and Traditional Airlines. Feng, C.M. Wang, R.T., 2000. Performance evaluation for airlines including the consideration of. Journal of Air Transportation Management, 6(3), pp. 133-142. Gordon, M.J., 1959. Dividends, Earnings, And Stock Prices. The Review of Economics and Statistics , 41(2), pp. 99-105. Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M. Ummah, A., 2014. Influence Analysis of Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), Against CorporateProfit Growth In Automotive In Indonesia Stock Exchange. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(12), pp.101-14. [Accessed 2016]. Kabi, B.K. Sajnani, M., 2014. Mergers And Acquistions In Aviation Industry. International Journal of Mgt. And Science, 4(2). Kirkham, R., 2012. Liquidity Analysis Using Cash Flow Ratios and Traditional Ratios: The Telecommunications Sector in Australia. Journal of New Business Ideas Trends, 10(1), pp.1-13. Livnat, J. Segal, D., 2000. The Calculation of Earnings per share and Market Value of Equity: Should common stock equivalents be included?. Loizides, G., 2011. Examining Key Financial Ratios amongst scheduled carriers. Madrigal, D. McClain, B., 2016. Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research. [Online] Available at: https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/09/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-quantitative-and-qualitative-research.php [Accessed 8 june 2016]. Morrell, P., 2011. Current challenges in a "Distressed" industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17(1), 14-18. Pearce, B., 2015. The shape of air travel markets over the next 20 years. International Air Transport Association (IATA). Riha, S., 2013. BA FA financial analysis 2009-2012. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2009. Research methods for business students. Pearson Education. Tugas, F.C., 2012. A Comparative Analysis of the Financial Ratios of Listed Firms Belonging to the Education Subsector in the Philippines for the Years 2009-2011. International Journal of Business and Social Science , 3(21), pp.173-90.

Project Plan of car tracker software

Executive Summary This project is meant to create awareness of software that were developed by students of this university. The management of this university has been encouraging creativity and innovation from the student body. As a result, various groups of students have made massive efforts, with the help of their lecturers, to come up with new products that will make a difference in the society.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Plan of car tracker software specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The software helps in tracking of cars in case they are lost. The software does not only help in tracking the car, but also takes and transmits photos of the person driving the car. This software is an improvement of the existing car tracking software that helps in tracking cars when they are lost. Its ability to transmit the image of the parson driving the car is meant to help detect the person who has stolen the car . This will make arrest of the criminal easier. The criminal will have liberty of covering his face, but this will only jeopardize chances of being arrested by the highway officers who will want to know the reason why the face is hidden. The software also has a further capacity of capturing and transmitting the image of the immediate environment. This helps in tracing the direction taken by the carjackers. This is a massive project that will help advertise this software in the market. Introduction Purpose of the Report This report is meant to advertise car tracker software developed by a group of students within the campus. Although my society members consider universities as institutions for inventions and innovations, they have not taken seriously the fact that very good products can come from these universities. The fact that students lack enough money to bankroll expensive television commercials, their products always fail to get public attention, making it difficult to get the market they need. Their invention ends up being stolen, if not cheaply bought by major companies which have the capacity to commercialize the product. This project aims at helping these innovative students by ensuring that their products receives the much needed public attention that will help make the known in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Background of the study Students have been complaining that they work hard to come up with various innovative ideas but the ideas are never developed. They state that they come up with ideas, but because of enough money, their ideas are always bought cheaply by companies who use them to earn a lot of money. In some cases, they are always surprised by unethical actions of some companies which steal their ideas at their inception. This group that came up with this project worked very hard to ensure that the project is a succe ss. Sure enough, they have been able to test and confirm the fact that the device works well and can help reduce cases of theft of cars (Murch 2004, p. 112). The main concern is now to ensure that the device reaches the market in time, and that the developers of the software get to benefit, and not greedy companies that are always ready to steal these ideas. What the Report Will Cover In this report, the focus will be on how effectively this software can be popularized in the market. This project is geared towards ensuring success of another project. This project focuses on how to make the software project succeed in making their product successful in the market (Panneerselvam Senthilkumar 2010, p. 90). The developers have worked had to ensure that the devise works. However, they lack the capacity to make their product known in the market. This is where this project comes in. Limitations According to Nagarajan (2005, p. 79), in every project are expectations. There are people who h ave their expectations of any given project. It is always important to specify the objectives of the project in order to ensure that people’s expectations are regulated. Every project manager always aims at offering satisfaction to all stakeholders. This may be jeopardized if their expectations are not regulated. In this project, there are some limitations that is important to be stated. It is important to note that this project is limited to creating awareness of the product. It is not related in any way, to the effectiveness of the product, or its functionality.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Plan of car tracker software specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any technical aspect of the product is not in any way related to this project. It is also important to note that the scope of the project is limited to this country. The project does not cover creation of awareness beyond the borders of this co untry. Activities of the Project Project Scope As stated above, the scope of this project is limited to advertisement and other mechanisms through which the software can be known in the market. The scope of this project does not include any technicalities of the product. It is also important that this project does not cover delivering the product to the market. It specifically focuses on the awareness creation of the product in the market. Project Objectives According to Nagarajan (2005, p. 112), it is always important to specify objectives of a project. In this project, there were specific objects that the project manager, together with project members, wishes to achieve. Creation of general awareness of the product within the domestic market within a period of four months. Make the market know the existence of the product and some of the features that make the product unique. Deter any form of piracy, or an attempt to mimic this technology by major industry players through massiv e advertisement and warnings. Help the students who developed this idea take their product to the market. Project Deliverables Project deliverables are some of the tangible and intangible outcomes of a project. In this project, some of the project deliverables include the extent to which people will be aware of this product after four months that the project plans to take (Kousholt 2007, p. 89). Another deliverable in this project includes the amount of income that the developers shall generate through the sale of their project. The ability of the product to be sold in the market without any form of piracy is also another deliverable in this project. Constrains In every project, there are always project constrains that should be considered in making the project successful. In this project, the first constrain was time. As a student, it was not easily to get free time to conduct a massive awareness of the product in the market. Another constrain was finance to enable project members move from one corner of the country to another; and to use some of the major media stations in this country. Stakeholders Management and Project Organization The management of this project is shown in the diagram below. Although the project will be done by a group of marketing managers, it shall also incorporate developers of this project. Their participation is important in ensuring that that they understand important issues concerning marketing of their project.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The project manager will be at the helm of all the activities talking place in this project. The developers will have a special niche in this project where they will be allowed to give their views on this project, but will not directly take part in the activities of the project. Risk Management, Project Quality, Monitoring and Control It is always important to understand some of the risks that are always presented in any given project, and how to manage them (Kanda 2011, p. 76). In this project, the management of project risks will be conducted by a special group which will be responsible for quality management. They will be responsible for detecting and managing of the risks in time. The team will be responsible for monitoring various activities within the firm, and determining the best control methods for these risks and other issues that may arise in the process of project implementation. Conclusion This project is focused on ensuring the car tracking software that were develope d by a group of university students reach the market to the benefit of students. It has been so unfortunate that students in the universities have been coming with creative ideas that are stolen by major companies within this country. The Gantt chart in the appendix below shows the timeline within which the project is expected to bring to a conclusion. List of references Kanda, A 2011, Project management: A life cycle approach, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. Kousholt, B 2007, Project management: Theory and practice, Nyt Teknisk Forlag, New York. Murch, R 2004, Project management: Best practices for IT professionals, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River. Nagarajan, K 2005, Project management, New Age International, New Delhi. Panneerselvam, R Senthilkumar, P 2010, Project management, PHI Learning, New Delhi. Appendix Timeline for the Project In every project, there must be a clear schedule that should be followed to ensure that it achieves its objectives. This project sho uld be completed within four months. The system should be up and running within the four months from the day it is officially set operational. The Gantt chart below specifies the activities that will be carried out in this project Gantt chart Time: 2013 January February March April Project Activity Project Planning Project Proposal Development Project Proposal Approval Recruitment of Project Team members Development and Test Detailing Requirements Development of Prototype Approval of the Prototype Development of a version Test the version Apply the correction on the version Approve the final version Implementation Train all the users Rolling out the final version The above Gantt chart demonstrates all the activities that should be accomplished within a specified duration. The activities should be accomplished within a time span of three months. The activities will s tart from January 2013, to April the same year. This report on Project Plan of car tracker software was written and submitted by user J0ey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Though Most Americans Are Aware Of The Great Depression Of 1929, Which

Though most Americans are aware of the Great Depression of 1929, which may well be "the most serious problem facing our free enterprise economic system,"( ) few know of the many Americans who lost their homes, life savings and jobs. This paper briefly states the causes of the depression and summarizes the vast problems Americans faced during the eleven years of its span. This paper primarily focuses on what life was like for farmers during the time of the Depression, as portrayed in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, and tells what the government did to end the Depression. In the 1920's, after World War 1, danger signals were apparent that a great Depression was coming. A major cause of the Depression was that the pay of workers did not increase at all. Because of this, they couldn't afford manufactured goods. While the factories were still manufacturing goods, Americans weren't able to afford them and the factories made no money (Drewry and O'connor 559). Another major cause related to farmers. Farmers weren't doing to well because they were producing more crops and farm products than could be sold at high prices. Therefore, they made a very small profit. This insufficient profit wouldn't allow the farmers to purchase new machinery and because of this they couldn't produce goods quick enough (Drewry and O'connor 559). A new plan was created called the installment plan. This plan was established because many Americans didn't have enough money to buy goods and services that were needed or wanted. The installment plan stated that people could buy products on credit and make monthly payments. The one major problem with this idea was that people soon found out that they couldn't afford to make the monthly payment(Drewry and O'connor 559). In 1929 the stock market crashed. Many Americans purchased stocks because they were certain of the economy. People started selling their stocks at a fast pace; over sixteen million stocks were sold! Numerous stock prices dropped to fraction of their value. Banks lost money from the stock market and from Americans who couldn't pay back loans. Many factories lost money and went out of business because of this great tragedy (Drewry and O'connor By the 1930's, thirteen million workers lost their jobs which is 25 percent of all workers. The blacks and unskilled workers were always the first to be fired. Farmers had no money and weren't capable of paying their mortgages. Americans traveled throughout the country looking for a place to work to support themselves and their family (Drewry and O'connor 560-561). John Steinbeck, born in 1902, grew up during the Depression near the fertile Salinas Valley and wrote many books of fiction based on his background and experiences during that time and area of the country. One of his great works would be the Grapes of Wrath In this book, Steinbeck describes the farmers plight during the Great Depression and drought. When the rains failed to come, the grass began to disappear. As the farmers watched their plants turn brown and the dirt slowly turn to dust they began to fear what was to come. In the water-cut gullies the earth dusted down in dry little streams. As the sharp sun struck day af ter day, the leaves of the young corn became less stiff and erect; then it was June and the sun shone more fiercely. The brown lines on the corn leaves widened and moved in on the central ribs. The weeds frayed and edged back toward their roots. The air was thin and the sky more pale; and every day the earth paled. (qtd. Steinbeck 2-3). The farmers worst fears were realized when their corn and other crops began to die. The dust became so bad they had to cover their mouths with handkerchiefs so they could breath (Steinbeck 3- When the drought hit the Great Plains and the soil turned to dust, many farmers moved to California because they could no longer farm their land(Drewry and O'Connor 561). The drought began to affect other parts of the country. In 1930, Virginia's belt of fertile land dried up. Ponds, streams, and springs all dried up and the great Mississippi River water level sank lower

Free Essays on GM’s Saturn Division And Its Product Mix

Today we are looking at GM’s Saturn division and its product mix. I will describe the mix and talk to their strategy for their product line. I will also show how Saturn organized its product in relation to some of its competition. Saturn provides a lineup of American-made cars, focusing on value and customer needs. The vehicles tend to be smaller, are built with dent preventing polymers instead of sheet metal and are sold at a pre-set â€Å"no-haggle† price. Saturn’s product mix for vehicles is structured with a width or breadth of 6 product lines. Saturn also keeps their product length very short. The longest line is the VUE with four models. Most of their vehicles are restricted to two models. These vehicle groups are: 1. Saturn’s S-Series Sedans, the first car released and their most basic vehicle. This is a reliable car at an affordable price that comes in three models, the SL, the SL1 and the SL2. 2. Saturn’s 3-Door Coupe, a sporty hatch back vehicle that makes the most of its interior room with a unique 3d door to allow adults into the back seat. This vehicle comes in two models, the SC1 and SC2. 3. Saturn’s L-Series Sedans, a more luxurious vehicle with more options. This vehicle comes in two models, the L200 and the L300. 4. Saturn’s L-Series Wagons, the only station wagon in Saturn’s lineup. This vehicle comes in two models, the LW200 and the LW300. 5. Saturn’s VUE, their sport utility vehicle created to compete in that hot market. This vehicle comes in four models, the FWD 4, the FWD 6, the AWD 4, and the AWD 6. 6. Saturn’s newest release, the ION Sedan that will replace the S-Series cars. â€Å"The two ION models are completely new from the ground up and offer surprising refinement for the small-car segment. Even the name is new, since they replace the pioneering S-Series in the Saturn lineup. Both the four-door sedan and the "quad coupe" - so-called because of its dual rear-access doors (R... Free Essays on GM’s Saturn Division And Its Product Mix Free Essays on GM’s Saturn Division And Its Product Mix Today we are looking at GM’s Saturn division and its product mix. I will describe the mix and talk to their strategy for their product line. I will also show how Saturn organized its product in relation to some of its competition. Saturn provides a lineup of American-made cars, focusing on value and customer needs. The vehicles tend to be smaller, are built with dent preventing polymers instead of sheet metal and are sold at a pre-set â€Å"no-haggle† price. Saturn’s product mix for vehicles is structured with a width or breadth of 6 product lines. Saturn also keeps their product length very short. The longest line is the VUE with four models. Most of their vehicles are restricted to two models. These vehicle groups are: 1. Saturn’s S-Series Sedans, the first car released and their most basic vehicle. This is a reliable car at an affordable price that comes in three models, the SL, the SL1 and the SL2. 2. Saturn’s 3-Door Coupe, a sporty hatch back vehicle that makes the most of its interior room with a unique 3d door to allow adults into the back seat. This vehicle comes in two models, the SC1 and SC2. 3. Saturn’s L-Series Sedans, a more luxurious vehicle with more options. This vehicle comes in two models, the L200 and the L300. 4. Saturn’s L-Series Wagons, the only station wagon in Saturn’s lineup. This vehicle comes in two models, the LW200 and the LW300. 5. Saturn’s VUE, their sport utility vehicle created to compete in that hot market. This vehicle comes in four models, the FWD 4, the FWD 6, the AWD 4, and the AWD 6. 6. Saturn’s newest release, the ION Sedan that will replace the S-Series cars. â€Å"The two ION models are completely new from the ground up and offer surprising refinement for the small-car segment. Even the name is new, since they replace the pioneering S-Series in the Saturn lineup. Both the four-door sedan and the "quad coupe" - so-called because of its dual rear-access doors (R...

Take home quize Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Take home quize - Coursework Example The authors Jones and Barnett (2009) description, the authors strongly suggest the importance of the theory to the health educators that makes the theory become very interesting. Moreover, the authors give practical example to support the theory. The authors stated that a health educator needs to identify the intention of a person regarding a particular behavior. In order to successful determine the intentions of a person; it is important to comprehend the following factors as a health educator. Firstly, understand the attitude of the individual towards the behavior. Secondly, the subject must understand the subjective norms and lastly identify how the person perceived the behavioral control. These factors make the theory be of interest as they suggest critical parts in the stages of a change model. b) Contemplation stage: this is a point where a person starts to consider a behavior change someday. For example a smoker and an alcohol drinker who considers quitting the practice of stopping to drink alcohol or smoking someday but still not very ready for it then. The article states that health educators have a responsibility to educate people purposefully to promote, maintain, and improve individual and family and the community health. In a case where the conflict of issues come up, the health educator must consider all the issues in question. Health educators should then give priority to the issues that uphold and promotes the healthy and quality of life through the principles of self-determination and freedom of choice. In section two of this article, it states that as a health educator it is important to encourage actions and social policies. The activities should support and facilitate the best balance as so long as the decisions pose no threats to the health of others. As a health educator, I would take into actions policies that will be of benefit to the community. For example, if in case an immunization is affecting the people, then I would

Quality Management Planning Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality Management Planning Strategy - Essay Example This means the current processes need to be improvised to continually achieve better and higher outcomes. For this, the company will be adopting an overall Total Quality Management (TQM) approach, which will focus on overall improvement of the company, its processes, products and services with the help of knowledge and experience of all employees. This approach is highly flexible and can adopt various practices (Ghuman & Ashwathappa, 2010). Implementation of TQM across the organization is done through various tools and techniques in congruence with the nature of the work. The manufacturing units will use Six Sigma and Lean methodology by which the quality and efficiency of product manufacturing will be judged and continuously improved to achieve Six Sigma level of accuracy. Six-Sigma will be based on data and statistics of products and their quality. Moreover, lean methods will help in eliminating wastage and in reducing manufacturing costs. To maintain healthy and safe work environment, effective and well-defined processes for disposal and storage, and safety methods will be followed at all locations (Organization-wide approaches, n.d). The standardized processes for manufacturing across all locations will be retained; however, to reduce the manufacturing lead time, raw materials will be acquired on a Just-in-time (JIT) basis (Ghuman & Ashwathappa, 2010). However, considering the fluctuating demand and rapidly changing market environment, the product process will follow the pull process, which adapts production to customers’ demand. Benchmarked targets will then be applied for individual production units on an hourly, daily and monthly basis till the project is completed. Quality Circles will be formed at every location with small group of employees who will assess the quality of all functions and products.

A illustrated time line 1945 1997 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A illustrated time line 1945 1997 - Coursework Example As a result, the coalition government ended as Labour leader Clement Attlee clearly won majority seats over Winston Churchill. In addition to this, the year also finished with celebration of the victory in the World War II. In 1948 National Health Service was established and Labour government made significant changes that promote medical services. Moreover, a free paid system was introduced to those who registered with a doctor. Labour Leader Clement Attlee was re-elected as Prime minister in 1950. Later British troop were sent to support the USA in the cold War at South Korea. In the year 1951, Winston Churchill won the general election under Conservative party and became the Prime Minister for the second time at the age of 76. He promoted foreign affairs, reduced pressure of Cold War and maintained good relationship with the USA. He once said that â€Å"We see nothing but good and hope in a richer, freer, more contented European commonalty. But we have our own dream and our own ta sk. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not comprised. We are interested and associated, but not absorbed† (Britannica.com). After the death of George VI in 1952, his daughter Elizabeth II became the Queen and the Prime Minister supported her. In 1955 Winston Churchill at the age of 80 went on retirement due to the health issues. His successor was Anthony Eden who won the general elections in 1956. Furthermore, British power station was turned on for the first time. However, Egypt decided to nationalize the Suez Canal and American intervention made Britain and France to withdraw and Egypt got the canal back. As a result, it placed America higher over them. In the year 1957, The Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden resigned due to Suez Crisis and was taken over by Harold Macmillan. Besides, Britain tested its first hydrogen bomb and joined to Soviet Union. The Conservatives leader Harold Macmillan won the general election with great margin of votes

Advances in Seed Quality Evaluation Techniques in Soybean

Advances in Seed Quality Evaluation Techniques in Soybean Seed is alive; and it can change over time under varying conditions. It can also vary from year to year as do planting conditions. When planting, seed vigor can be used to assist with management decisions, especially under adverse planting conditions. Seed quality is critical in the establishment of a uniform plant stand, the first step in producing a successful crop, but good planting conditions are also critical since even high quality seed can fail under too much stress. Seed quality is complex. Several factors influence seed quality including variety, purity, weather, insects, diseases, harvest moisture, handling, and storage. The soy bean(US) or soya bean(UK) (Glycine max) is a species of  legume  native to  East Asia, widely grown for its edible  bean  which has numerous uses. The plant is classed as an oilseed  rather than a  pulse  by the UN  Food and Agricultural Organization. Soybean Oil  and protein content account for about 60 (%) of dry soybeans by weight (protein at 40% and oil at 20 %). The remainder consists of 35(%) carbohydrate and about 5 (%) ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90 (%)  cotyledons  and 2 (%)  hypocotylaxis or germ. The U.S., Argentina, Brazil, China and India are the worlds largest soybean producers and represent more than 90% of global soybean production. India produces 9.8 million metric tons against the world’s total production of 249.0 million metric tons. Furthermore, the soybean seeds when stored under ambient conditions quickly lose viability and upon planting such seeds in the next season results in very poor germination. Because of the hot and humid conditions prevailing from March to June, the seed viability of soybeans drops by 50 (%). However in soybean, seed viability during storage was observed to be related to seed size. Thus ensuring seed quality becomes one of the important aspect of soybean production. The seed quality evaluation can be broadly categorized under and ensured to have Trueness to type (often referred to as variety purity). Satisfactory germination and vigour. Freedom from other materials, including plant debris, dead or broken seeds, seeds of other crops, weed seeds, noxious and parasitic weed seeds also non-plant materials. Freedom from seed-borne pests and diseases. During 2009-10 soy bean breeder seed production was 10198.03s (q.) with a seed rate (kg/ha) of 75 kg/ha, total certified seed requirement will be 667.5000 tonnes. Keeping these production trends â€Å"VISION-2030† of Directorate of Seed Research, Mau, India and estimates with a target increase in SRR of 0.5% and available SMR ratio of 16 foundation seed requirement is 20.8594 thousand tones and breeder seed requirement of 1303.7109 tones by 2030. This ever increasing demand for quality seed in soybean demands precise seed quality evaluation methods. The routine seed testing methods available for seed quality evaluation of soybean are standard germination, Seedling vigour, Accelerated Ageing, Controlled Deterioration, seed leachate conductivity tests and Clorox Soak for seed coat mechanical damage as described by ISTA and AOSA. However, these tests are time consuming and lack reproducibility over laboratories. Hence there is a greater need of advanced seed quality evaluation methods to overcome the aforesaid problems. Advanced seed quality evaluation techniques: 1. Seed and seedling image analysis: Computer-aided image analysis, which are contributing to improving insight of seed morphology and biology, in terms of seed quality and germination and various aspects of seed image analysis like image acquisition and pattern recognition. Image analysis deals the means by which digital images are acquired and processed and how imaging technology is applied in seed science research in terms of varietal identification, characterization, germination, moisture, grading and sorting by analysis of seed size, shape and color parameters. Implication of new techniques for addressing a particular variety can be focused and also attention is being laid at international level for the development of suitable lab techniques like image analysis of seed or plant organs, bio chemical and molecular markers. Image analysis technique (machine vision system) is one of such systems offers the prospect that researchers will be able to study seed surface features more cl osely and hence increase the available character set. a) Machine Vision System: a computerized tool for Image Analysis (IA). It functions being similar to the human observations. Machine vision refers to the acquisition of data (shape, size, etc.) via a video camera or similar system and the subsequent computer analysis of these data following suitable processing. The term â€Å"image analysis† has also been used in this context, but it more strictly refers to the extraction of numerical data from an acquired image. The colour, size, shape characteristics of plant products, and their capability to produce digital images suitable for further processing make modern image acquisition techniques highly adaptable tools. Bio-morphological seed features may be analyzed by computer-aided image analysis systems and data quickly processed. b) Seed Analyzer based on Chlorophyll fluorescence and the maturity of seeds: Aims at Automated detection of the ripeness of the seeds and deliver the information for improving the quality of the seed lot. The maturity of the seeds can be measured with this technology. The maturity of the seeds is highly correlated with the quality of the seeds. With the Seed Analyzer the correct harvest moment can be determined, the seed quality can be improved, improved, the amount of waste can be lowered as well as been known and the priming conditions can be optimized for the seed batch. Applications in Seed Science Research includes Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Testing, Varietal Identification and Characterization. Wherein, Automatic systems can be based on seed images, from which the characteristics for the classification, such as size, shape, colour and texture, can be obtained quickly. Digital image analysis offers an objective and quantitative method for estimation of morphological parameters. Besides, in routine seed testing for enhanced seed quality as Germination: Seed germination has intrigued the human activity since the late Neolithic age, because of practical reasons becoming a milestone in the ‘agriculture framework’ (Evenari, 1984). The application of computational techniques to the study of seed germination covers three aspects: computer-assisted image analysis systems, descriptive simulation modeling, and combined relation modeling between morphological changes and biological processes. A digital image of a plant seed can be regarded as a two-dimensional object which can be measured in size, shape and color density during the development stage of germination by computer image analysis technology. Moisture: Moisture content is the most vital factor influencing physical and mechanical properties of cereal crop seeds. For example, an increase in moisture content leads to an increase in the major, minor and intermediate diameters; increase in all linear dimensions, projected area and volume; increase in length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume and surface area. These monochromatic images acquired can be used to determine the moisture content of seeds. Vigor Assessment: Vigour is the ability of a seed lot to establish normal (or usable) seedlings under diverse production environments. Use of computer-aided image analysis of seedling size overcomes many of the limitations that occur during manual vigour tests Image analysis provides rapid measurement of an object’s physical characteristics and allows quantitative, objective observation. Several commercial systems use some form of computer-aided analysis of digital images to evaluate seedling growth as a measure of seed vigour. Single seed oxygen measurement: Development of automated system for scoring different seed quality parameters by detection of metabolic activity. This technology measures the oxygen consumption of single seeds in a closed environment. The total test is therefore performed under increasing stress conditions (oxygen stress) and gives us a deeper insight in various aspects of the seed quality. c) Chlorophyll fluorescence of imbibing and (early) germinating seeds: The present technology focuses on chlorophyll fluorescence of imbibing and (early) germinating seeds. It claims to â€Å"detect the metabolic activity [of seeds] during seed germination phase†. The technology enables the nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ destructive destructive evaluation of imbibing seeds on a number of characteristics, with the advantage to be able to follow the development of individual seeds in time, to be able to use or test the seeds (e.g. reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ dried after priming) or the emerging preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ germinated seeds or seedlings developing from these seeds. It also potentially enables sorting. d) Spectral imaging: Spectral imaging technology can be seen as a methodology which can add to the knowledge of seed quality aspects, the speed of testing and the reproducibility of traditional tests within and between laboratories. Seed size, shape and colour are common features that are employed as sorting parameters for improvement of seed quality. In spectral imaging the sequential exposure of the object to light of different wavelengths provides further information about topographical texture, spectral texture and gloss. Multi- and hyperspectral imaging and analysis of the generated data are clear examples of these developments. The light sources, cameras and computers for such systems are readily available and relatively affordable. This opens a wide array of potential applications in seed testing at various levels, as well as research opportunities that before were only possible for a few very specialized institutions. Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging as to be part of the standard seed testing equipment in the near future. 2. Chemical tests: Peroxidase Test: This is a test is effectively employed for cultivar separation based on high or low seed coat peroxidase activity. This information is taken from the AOSA Rules. Analysts remove and place the dry seed coat from soybean seeds into individual test tubes or suitable containers. They add 10 drops of 0.5 percent guaiacol to each test tube. After waiting 10 minutes they add one drop of 0.1 percent hydrogen peroxide to the tube. After one minute, seeds are recorded as peroxidase positive(high peroxidase activity) if there is a reddish-brown solution; or peroxidase negative (low peroxidase activity) if there is a colorless solution in the test tube. 3. Biochemical markers for seed quality evaluation and testing: With the advent of newer technologies to effectively quantify and detect the precedence of particular protein and isozymes. The isozymes lack repeatability owing to their specific stage and range of expression and are highly responsive for environment. However, among these Two Dimensional Protein Gel Electrophoresis (2 D PAGE) is recommended for hybrid purity testing by ISTA. 4. DNA/Molecular markers for seed quality evaluation and testing: Quality seeds has to meet the minimum seed certification standards and quality attributes viz., physical purity, germination per cent, moisture content, seed health and genetic purity.The genuineness of the variety is one of the most important characteristics of good quality seed.Genetic purity test is done to verify any deviation from genuineness of the variety during multiplication stages.For certification genetic purity test is compulsory for all foundation and certified hybrid seeds.Higher genetic purity is an essential requirement for the commercialization of any seed. Importance stable marker for genetic purity: CMS plants and its maintainer plants, which originated from female parent during multiplication, are major off-types in F1 hybrids. Maintenance of the purity of parent CMS lines is essential in achieving the purity of hybrid and thus commercial benefit.CMS purity during multiplication can only be assessed at heading stage by observing pollen fertility. The results are prone to be erratic due to different examiners and environments.So it is significant to develop a novel, simple, rapid and effective method to assess CMS seed purity during multiplication at seedling stage. The molecular markers are more efficient in assessing genetic purity. Among markers RAPD and AFLP are dominant markers.Dominant markers unable to identify heterozygous condition (AA and aa only but not Aa). Low reproducibility of RAPD and lengthy process of AFLP markers have made them impractical and difficult for their routine use in seed purity analysis.While SSR, SCAR, STMS are Co- dominant markers and are able to identify heterozygous condition.These markers are more popular because of their accuracy in results and are reproducible. Quick and simple processes of these markers have made them practical for their routine use in hybrid conformity and seed purity analysis.Markers vary based on their ability to differentiate lines with the crop and hybrids and parental lines involved in developing particular hybrid. With the advancement of science and engineering new throughout put genomics and phenomics technologies viz., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Nu PCR, rapid onsite DNA detection, Nested DNA Markers Battery, genome sampling and Genome sequencing the â€Å"next generation seed testing† is going to transform the seed quality evaluation and testing to an elevated stature having real-time application with high degree of reliability. New methods for seed testing are emerging with increasing technological possibilities and computer power, parallel to decreasing prices will enhance the precision and speed with which the soybean seed quality is being tested with increase in accuracy and reproducibility of results.

Philippines Economic Growth Essay

The Philippines has a representative democracy modeled on United State’s system of government. Its republic type of government has also a presidential system of government with bicameral legislature and an independent judiciary wherein the president is limited to six years of terms. Whenever there are troubles experienced within the government of the Philippines, leaders tends to seek help and often times united States always offers help and assistance to the Philippines. Although historically speaking, they were once the conquerors of the Philippines. Both government are being attcked by terrorist which opposes the kind of leaders and leadership in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippines is considered as one newly industrialized country located in South east Asia. It is also the fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia posting a GDP growth rate of 7.5% in 2007’s second quarter. (Hookway, 2007.p.A1). As compared to the United States the GDP of the Philippines is really far from US’ GDP rate of 88% over the past decades and until the present. United States is really a great country and is considered to be where the world’s largest gross domestic product rate is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GDP per capita of the Philippines is estimated to be $5,700 in 2007 which is far behind the GDP per capita of the United States which is estimated $44,000 for this year.( US treasury Dept. 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unemployment rates in the Philippines is 7.9% while US is just half of it at 4.4%. This reflects how hardworking the Americans as compare to Filipinos who merely wants a simple life and simple way of living. Inflation rates in the Philippines is 2.3% which makes the economy more hopeful in the present statistics. The national government debt as a percentage of GDP rates in the Philippines is as high as $316.65 billion or 69.9% of GDP while United States only has $19billion or 0.16% of GDP. (wikipedia)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of technological development in the Philippines is not also as greater than in the United states. The Philippines is attracted to Japan made products and China influenced imitation of much lower quality technologies as compared to hight technological quality provided in the United States. This is one great disappointment regarding consumer decision making bf Filipinos who tends to buy more goods and commodities at a cheaper price but not of high quality. They tend to overlook the specifications of   a certain of product because of high costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of infrastructural development in the Philippines is not really that far, because the country is taking its phase in cities where rises of buildings and commercial establishments are rampant. There are certain issues concerning how this infrastructures will be built because tax in the Philippines is really high thats why investors sometimes thinks twice of getting involved in dealing   businesses in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The high cost of materials, manpower and cost of permit is sometimes unfair on the part of investor. It becomes a gamble investing on a place where you will think twice if it will really profit once its already made and set up there. While infrastructural developments in the United States can be considerably good because in cities like New York where it is known to as the city that never sleeps, one business establishment will really profit because people keeps on going and going all day and night long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socioeconomic indicators that greatly affects the statistics of a certain country such as education, access to health care, clean water, etc. is also considered as one great factor in a progressive nation.   For a country like Philippines, educational system can be considered competitive enough because it produces competent and skilled professionals nowadays. As far as United States education is concern because of course reality speaks that American Student are really ahead in terms of quality of education. Going back to History, American are also known as Thomasites which brought up high standards of education in the Philippines. Brain Drain is one common problem in the Philippines, after years of studying where Filipinos receive of high quality education, they goes out of the country and work for a higher salary. The tendency is the economy of such country raises and the downfall of professional statistics in the Philippines is experienced. They prefer to use the knowledge they’ve learned from their own country as a stepping stone to more opportunities abroad. Health Problems and medical assistance is also a factor in a country’s economic growth for Filipinos who lives in a country with   more illness there is a bigger tendency not to perform well in school for students who are still studying and for employees who works hard int heir professions. The more persuasive you are working, the more tendency of being sick is. The sad part is that there are some instances that medical assistance is far at hand like in cases that we still need to ask help from other countries like the United States which is more medically advanced and this also results a deduction in our statistics because we need to pay for those medicines and medical experts from foreign countries. Abusing the environment is also one reason why people tends to suffer economically. Improper use of natural resources and pollution is one great threat on the Philippines Economic growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At present, there are many Foreign investors who wants to take risk and be involved in having business with the Philippines and this also provides greater opportunity on the countries statistics because it paves way for a more chance of paying debts and increase employment rates to Filipinos.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Talking about change, we really don’t need to compete with any other countries, we can content our economic needs by providing what it needs and at the same time going about business in supporting services and exports that have brought in much needed foreign exchange and help raising our economic status at its best. Great rates and percentage economically comes from people who strives hard and decides best in doing businesses and witty decision making. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Hookway, James. (2007). Wall Street Journal p. A1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     United States Department of Treasury 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.wikipedia.org

Intro to Microeconomics Study Guide Essay

Economics is the study of allocation of scarce resources 1) Chapter One: The Principles of Microeconomics a. Four resources: Land, Labor, Capital (machinery), Entrepreneurship (human capital) b. Principle #1: People face trade-offs, government also faces them, the main one the gov. faces is efficiency vs. equity i. Efficiency is when everyone who makes the most, keeps the most money ii. Equity would be if everyone was taxed the same c. Principle #2: The cost of something is what you give up iii. Opportunity cost = the measurement of trade-off you give up something you can have later, to get something now d. Principle #3: Rational people think at the margin iv. They do what’s best for them and maximize benefits v. Think at the margin = thinking about the NEXT one vi. Margin=small incremental changes e. Principle #4: People respond to incentives vii. Prices are major incentives viii. Taxes/tax credit f. Principle #5: Trade can make everyone better off ix. Everybody can specialize x. More variety of goods xi. Doesn’t always make everyone better off ex: Jamaica, NAFTA xii. One partner can be strong and over power others g. Principle #6: Markets are a good way to organize economic activity xiii. People are guided by self-interest xiv. Markets are where consumers and suppliers come together and trade-off occurs h. Principle #7: The government can improve market outcomes xv. Main act of government – enforce property rights xvi. Government can step in if there’s market failureexternalities occur (taxes can be enforced for cigarettes), people who aren’t in the market are ffected xvii. Government can step in when there’s market power xviii. Monopoly/oligopoly-government might step in 2) Chapter 2: What does it mean to think like an economist? i. Objectively j. Scientific method xix. Observe, hypothesis, identify variables, collect data, test hypothesis, draw a conclusion k. Difficult to conduct a controlled experiment in economics l. Circular Flow Diagram = money and goods and services flow from input marketoutput market xx. Flow of Money: Market for factors of production (input market) households get income spending on markets of goods and services (output market) which generates revenue for firmswhich pay wages and rent for factors of production xxi. Flow of goods and services: Market for factors of production (input market) buys factors (land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship)firms which sell goods and servicesto market of gas and serviceswhich buy goods and services from households, which sell factors to market for factors of production xxii. This marketing is missing government, trade, savings, black market activities and charity work/non-profits m. Production Possibilities Frontier: how much a country can produce xxiii. Assumptions: one country, two goods, resource = labor xxiv. Bowed out PPF due to different resources (L) xxv. Opportunity cost increases with bowed out PPF because it takes more and more to make one more of the good xxvi. Any points along the PPF are efficient, outside the curve are not feasible and inside the curve is inefficient xxvii. Efficiency means we maximize our resources xxviii. To get more of the good, you have to give up some of the other good xxix. More resources for both goods increase: entire curve shifts out xxx. More resources for just one good increase: curve shifts on one side only xxxi. If the PPF is straight, it’s because there are multiple resources for both goods xxxii. Just stating a fact = positive statement and normative statement = subjective 3) Chapter 3: Absolute and Comparative Advantage n. Absolute advantage is when you make something more efficiently than someone else, so that less is required, which means less opportunity cost xxxiii. Assumptions: 2 people who can make goods, 2 goods that both people want to consumer, time is the only input, both people want to consume both goods and they’ll only trade if they can produce one good xxxiv. Each person works 8 hrs. per day o. Farmer can produce 8 donuts and 32 cups of coffee; Baker can produce 24 donuts and 48 cups of coffee xxxv. The baker has absolute advantage because he can make more donuts and more coffee than the farmer in 8 hrs. xxxvi. Graphing: use points (8, 0) and (0, 32) for farmer’s PPF and CPF (consumption possibilities frontier). Use points (24, 0) and (0, 48) for baker’s PPF and CPF p. Trade deal: Farmer will make only coffee (which is all 32 cups of coffee in 8 hrs. ), baker offers farmer 5 donuts for 15 cups of coffee xxxvii. Trade increases variety xxxviii. Farmer ends up with +5 donuts and – 15 cups coffee = 5 donuts and 17 cups coffee q. Comparative advantage is when you have a lower opportunity cost xxxix. The opportunity cost of one donut for the farmer is 4 cups of coffee and for the baker is 2 cups of coffeebaker is comparative advantage in donuts because of lower opportunity cost xl. The opportunity cost for one cup of coffee for the farmer is ? donut and for the baker is ? donutfarmer has opportunity cost in coffee because of lower opportunity cost r. The price range after the trade deal will lie between opportunity cost of both people, so both are better off xli. 2 cups of coffee ? P ? 4 cups of coffee 4) Chapter 4: Supply and Demand s. Assumptions: one good, one market, market is perfectly competitive (many buyers and sellers, all goals are the same across firms and price takers) t. Demand xlii. Demand curve shows relationship between price and willingness to buy (P and Qd) xliii. Quantity demanded (Qd) is the amount consumers are willing and able to buy xliv. LAW OF DEMAND: P, Qd = negative correlation xlv. Market demand is the sum of individuals’ demands xlvi. Variables that increase or decrease demand: IP-TEN 1. Income a. I, Qd = Normal good b. I, Qd = Inferior good 2. Price of related goods c. Pa, QDb = Substitutes d. Pa, QDb = Complements 3. Taste and preferences 4. ExpectationsEx: when you except the price of a good to increase later on, you will buy more now when it’s cheaper 5. Number of buyersMore buyers = higher demand u. Supply xlvii. Supply curve shows relationship between Price and Quantity supplied (P and Qs) xlviii. Quantity supplied is the amount sellers are willing and able to sell xlix. LAW OF SUPPLY: P, Qd = Positive correlation l. Variables that shift supply curve: I-TEN 6. Input price (Ex: wages increase) e. IP, Qs f. IP, Qs 7. Technologyadvancement means Cost, Supply 8. Expectationsexcepting a technological advancement 9. Number of sellers g. # Sellers, Qs h. # Sellers, Qs v. Consider: market for hybrid cars li. Event: price of gasoline goes updemand is impactedP of gas so people will look for substitutesdemand for hybrids (curve shifts right) lii. Event: technology advance reduces cost of productionsupply impactedsupply because it’s easier and cheaper to produce (curve shifts right)P , Qs liii. Event (i) & (ii): P of gas & technology –>D and S both impactedD, SQ and P is ambiguous (depends on degrees of shifts and how you graph curve shifts) w. Consider: market for bus rides liv.

101 Proposal and Salsa Professor Ramos Blog

101 Proposal and Salsa Chips and Salsa Dont you hate it when you have too much of one and not enough of the other? There has to be the appropriate amount of chips to salsa for it to work, to taste good. Or Thinking Rhetorically. Examples Great Images End of Cisneros’ Stories The last stories are much more subtle in their messages than the first stories. To understand these stories you need to read carefully, closely, in between the lines. Try to figure out what is the author’s purpose. Why did the author write this? What is the authors purpose? What is the lesson or message? There was a Man, There was a Woman (133) There was a Man, There was a Woman Video Free Writing Five minutes of free writing on whatever story you are thinking about writing on. Try to connect to the topic you are thinking about and what the support is going to be. What scenes come to mind? Subgenres Thematic Interpretation focus on theme in story or stories Character Analysis Focus on character Close Reading Argue for your reading of the story Book Review Evaluate the merits of a book or story Author Extension Continue a story, write a new story in the style of Sandra Cisneros, Retell a story from the book. Sample Essays The Misfits Loving a Broken Girl The Hidden Complexities of Clemencia Proposal You can analyze a character, theme, or any of the items we will discuss in class. Pick something that interests you. An effective proposal has a narrow focus, clear thesis, includes primary claims, and context for why you think this is important to write about. Make sure you are annotating your book as you read so that you can easily find quotes and sections to include in your analysis paper. Questions: What is your topic? Why are you writing about this? Why does it interest you? Do you need to do any research to help with your analysis?

Best Private Schools Offering Summer Experiences

Best Private Schools Offering Summer Experiences Many folks hear the words summer camp and think of living in cabins for a month, swimming in lakes, and participating all kinds of outdoor activities, like archery and ropes courses. Rarely does the phrase summer camp make someone think about an opportunity to prepare for the upcoming school year. ​ On the other hand, many folks hear the words summer school and  think of the stereotypical student who failed a class or needs more credits to graduate. Rarely does the phrase summer school make someone think of a positive summer camp-style experience. What if we told you theres a middle ground? A summer experience thats both fun and educational? Its real. And some of the best private schools in the country are offering students unique educational opportunities that are way more than just your typical classroom experience.   Lets look at a few of the  unexpected opportunities  that you might find at a private schools summer program. Travel the World Summer camp doesnt have to be  limited to only one campsite. Some schools offer summer travel experiences, taking students around the world to experience life away from home. Proctor Academy in New Hampshire offers a summer service opportunity, which takes students to places like Guatemala for two-week sessions. See the World From 30,000 Feet in the Air Thats right, aspiring aviators can attend a summer camp at Randolph-Macon School in Virginia. Students get the chance to participate in a highly specialized program  leading towards taking a solo flight in a Cessna 172.   Space Camp and Sustainability Sustainability is a popular topic at private schools  and is one that has led to several summer camp programs designed to educate students and get them thinking about how we can better serve the planet Earth. One such program exists at Cheshire Academy in Connecticut, which offers two different tracks from which students can choose for their summer study. One track focuses on the impact of humans on the earth, while the other takes a new approach to a space camp by exploring both the oceans and space. You even get to take field trips and even launch rockets - and were not just talking about small model rockets!   Learn a New Language For students looking to come to the United States for a boarding school experience, a summer camp can be a great way to master their English language skills. ELL/ESL students can often greatly benefit from these highly specialized summer classes that are often several weeks long and designed to immerse students in an English language environment. This not only helps participants to master their speaking, reading, and writing skills, but also gives them a preview of what dorm life is like, making the adjustment to boarding school in the fall a little easier. Some schools even offer an accelerated program, like New Hampton School in New Hampshire.   Get a Competitive Edge in Athletics Aspiring athletes, especially those looking to improve their skills in order to play varsity sports at private school, can benefit from a summer camp focused on athletics. Starting to participate in these camps during middle school can be a great way for high school coaches to see a student athletes drive and potential, which means building relationships with the school even before the admission season arrives. Athletic camps are available for the more novice student-athletes, as well, helping those players still learning the game to prepare to play on a sports team at a  private school for the first time. Baylor School in Tennessee offers a camp that meets the needs of both the competitive athlete and the recreational athlete.   Perfect a Creative Craft Young artists can find numerous private schools that offer creative summer camp experiences, ranging from drama and dance to music and drawing. And, some of the best private school programs even offer creative writing and literary-focused programs, as well as digital photography and animation courses. The opportunities for creative expression are endless, and the levels of experience can vary. While some schools, like the Putney School in Vermont, offer a wide variety of workshops for artists of all experience levels and interests, other schools take a more specialized approach. The Idyllwild Arts Academy in California offers intensive two-week programs as part of the  Idyllwild Arts Summer Program. These programs can sometimes help students looking to attend competitive art schools for college get a head-start on art portfolios. Try Your Hand at a Non-Traditional Trade Some schools offer incredibly unique programs, like Emma Willards Rosies Girls camp. Drawing inspiration from the fictional character Rosie the Riveter, the boarding school in New York offers girls the chance to experience what its like to work in  carpentry, automotive repair, masonry, and other non-traditional trades.

Walmart Just In Time focus on procurement and distribution, logistics Research Paper

Walmart Just In Time focus on procurement and distribution, logistics management processes and benefits of process for Walmart - Research Paper Example In this context, this study focuses on the Just in time inventory system and the logistics management Wal-Mart is using. Just-in-Time Concept of Inventory Many authors defined just in time inventory (JIT) system differently, but it all refers to a system wherein materials are delivered just in time for its use whether in manufacturing or selling. In JIT system, it has been the practice of companies like Wal-Mart to schedule purchases and production only as needed to meet actual consumers’ demand. The purpose of this system is to reduce inventories to a minimum level, or wherever possible to a â€Å"zero level† (Accounting for Management, n.d.). As the concept would suggest, JIT for Wal-Mart is a cycle that means products for sale are received from supplier just in time to replenish the stocks on the shelves, thereby reducing inventories from their previous level. The Just in time inventory system has been applied at every stores of Wal-Mart, and as observed, the secret lies in its sophisticated just in time logistics system found in the RFID technology. The system has provided Wal-Mart a continuous tracking, real-time sales feedback from every store and plot stock depletion rates so they can arrange new deliveries just as existing supplies are about to run out. The illustration below depicts a Just in-time system inventory management that begins with the order of the customer, and the processes that channels the ordering system. JIT system is ideal for manufacturing and merchandising concerns that tends to eliminate too much inventories which are not needed in the manufacturing or sale immediately. Source of diagram: (Accounting for Management.com) The logistics management of Wal-Mart, an introduction to RFID In order to understand the complexity of Wal-Mart operations and why there is a need for a logistics management process, an insight to its structure is presented. Wal-Mart manages retail stores worldwide in a range of set-up. Its segments inc lude US market, International market and the on line ordering system. The US segment carries almost all items ordinarily found in a supermarket store, or may be easier said, â€Å"ask it, Wal-Mart has it† (WMT Profile). The international segment has various formats of stores and restaurants that include a combination of discount and grocery stores, supermarkets, supercenters, cash and carry stores, hypermarkets, general merchandise stores and the Sam Clubs. The Sam Club segment, which is available thru membership, carries merchandise, hard and soft goods and selected private-label items. Profile of Wal-Mart stores showed the following number of stores as of January 31, 2010 (Table1). Table 1 Number of Wal-Mart Retail Stores as of January 31, 2010 Number of stores Location Number of stores Location 803 discount stores United States 43 Argentina 2,747 supercenters United States 434 Brazil 1158 neighborhood markets United States 317 Canada 596 Sam Clubs United States 252 Chile 1 70 Costa Rica 77 El Salvador 164 Guatemala 53 Honduras 1 India 371 Mexico 55 Nicaragua 56 Puerto Rico 371 United Kingdom 279 Peoples Rep. of China Source: Yahoo Finance, 2010. Wal-Mart Stores Profile Logistics management process of Wal-Mart In the above scenario of retail stores, tracking of individual products in its different chains and warehouses is a difficult task. This would need an efficient system of monitoring and control such that Wal-Mart saw a need for a

Swallowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Swallowing - Essay Example It is anticipated that this review will contribute to the self-learning of the author, as well as extending on insights and understandings of dsyphagia within the literature at this present time. The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It is very important in swallowing due to its afferent control of general sensation to the face, teeth, gum, muscles of mastication and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (Miller, 2006). Its efferent control is of the muscles for mastication. Innervating the tensor velar palatine, the trigeminal is partly responsible for the flattening and tensing of the soft palate. Innervations of the extrinsic laryngeal muscle results in the nerve's support for the upward and anterior movements of larynx. The facial nerve's main function is its motor portion; although, its afferent portion is involved in taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue (Miller, 2006). It provides motor innervations to the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands. More specifically, it is involved in swallowing by regulating the lip sphincter and the buccal muscles, which allows food to be held inside the mouth and also assists in pulling the larynx up and back. The glossopharyngeal (GPN) is composed of the lingual branch of the GPN (GPN-li) and the GPN-ph. Its sensory portion transits inputs from the posterior third of the tongue, the velum and the pharynx, which includes the tonsils (Miller, 2006). The glossopharygeal nerve gathers sensation from the fauces, the palatine tonsil, upper pharynx, and the back third of the tongue. Sensory fibers carry taste information from the posterior one third of the tongue. Afferent input is received from receptors located in the larynx and these are carried primarily to the superior laryngeal nerve, also known as the cough center of the medulla. The motor portion communicates outputs to the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle and also innervates the stylopharyngeal muscle, which, together with the palatopharyngeus muscle (X nerve), elevates the palate. The stylopharyngeus muscle dilates the pharynx laterally and contributes to the elevation of pharynx and larynx. Vagus (X)The vagus nerve (X) is the most dominant cranial nerve during the swallowing process. The vagus nerve is the major efferent for the pharyngeal constrictors and is the major afferent for the middle and inferior portions of pharynx (Miller, 2006). It supplies also main efferent innervations to the palatal muscles. Branches of the vagus nerve attach to muscles of the larynx and pharynx. It is also known as the nucleus ambiguous, and it innervates branchial arch muscles of the pharynx and larynx as well as the muscles of the upper esophagus and uvula. Branches also extend to the, glossopalantine, levator veli palatine and the palatoglossus muscles making it primarily responsible for palatal functioning. One of the motor nuclei transmits motor output to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and in this way can completely control the intrinsic musculature of the larynx. Moreover, taste buds on the root of the tongue and on the epiglottis contribute special visceral afferent fibers t o the superior laryngeal branch. General visceral afferent fibers convey sensation from the lower pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus. Together with the